Title: Immunization - Ethiopia (Full)

IM HEAT Module, full content, designed for use in Ethiopia

Section 1
  News forum
  About/License
Section 2
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  Video: Vaccination
  Immunity and the immune system
  How does the immune system protect us from infection?
  What is immunization?
  Types of specific immunity
  Artificially acquired immunity
  Naturally acquired immunity
  Summary of types of specific immunity
  Herd immunity
  Types of vaccines
  Live-attenuated vaccines
  Inactivated vaccines
  Sub-unit vaccines
  Recombinant vaccines
  Conjugate vaccines
  The Expanded Programme on Immunization
  Video: WHO - Expanded Programme on Immunization
  Vaccine-preventable diseases in the EPI
  Increase and sustain high immunization coverage rates
  Increase the quality of immunization services
  Reduce missed vaccination opportunities and trace defaulters
  Improve public awareness and community participation in immunization programmes
  Ensure prompt reporting and improved control of vaccine-preventable diseases
  Your role in achieving the goals of the EPI
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 3
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  What is BCG?
  Effectiveness of BCG vaccine
  BCG vaccine storage, dosage and immunization schedule
  Adverse events following BCG immunization and how to treat them
  Who should not get BCG vaccine?
  What is pentavalent vaccine?
  The anti-bacterial components of pentavalent vaccine
  Storage, dosage and schedule of pentavalent vaccine
  Effectiveness of pentavalent vaccine
  Adverse events following pentavalent immunization and how to treat them
  Who should not get pentavalent vaccine?
  Pneumococcal vaccine (PCV10)
  Storage, dosage and schedule of PCV10
  Adverse events and contraindications of PCV10
  What is tetanus toxoid vaccine?
  Schedule, dosage, storage and effectiveness of TT vaccine
  Adverse events and contraindications of TT vaccine
  Meningococcal vaccines
  In conclusion
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 4
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  What is OPV?
  What is HepB vaccine?
  Storage, dosage, schedule and effectiveness of OPV
  Contraindications of OPV and adverse events
  What is measles vaccine?
  Storage, dosage and schedule of measles vaccine
  Effectiveness of measles vaccine
  Contraindications for measles vaccine, adverse events and how to manage them
  Vitamin A supplements and measles prevention
  Rotavirus vaccine
  Dosage and schedule of rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix TM)
  Storage and effectiveness of Rotarix TM
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 5
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  Standard procedures for giving safe injections
  Preparing injection equipment
  Inspecting vials and ampoules of vaccines and diluents
  Reconstituting BCG and measles vaccines with diluent
  Routes of immunization for injectable vaccines
  Intradermal immunization with BCG vaccine
  Subcutaneous immunization with measles vaccine
  Subcutaneous immunization with yellow fever vaccine
  Intramuscular immunization with all other EPI vaccines
  Oral administration of OPV
  Oral rotavirus vaccine
  In conclusion
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 6
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  Estimating vaccine needs
  What is the target population?
  Calculating numbers in the target population
  Calculating required doses based on the immunization schedule
  Immunization coverage targets
  Vaccine wastage rates and wastage factors
  Calculating annual vaccine needs from the size of the target population
  Estimating vaccine needs on the basis of previous consumption
  Calculating annual vaccine needs from previous consumption
  Estimating vaccine needs based on the size of immunization sessions
  Ordering vaccines
  Calculating quantities of vaccine for a particular supply period
  Calculating the minimum stock level
  Calculating the maximum stock level
  Calculating the critical stock level (or ‘time to order’)
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 7
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  Components of the cold chain
  Cold chain equipment in Health Posts
  Refrigerators
  Cold boxes and vaccine carriers
  Ice-packs
  Foam pads
  Cold chain monitoring equipment in your Health Post
  Vaccine vial monitors
  Freeze indicators
  The shake test
  Thermometers
  How to load cold chain equipment
  The design of vaccine refrigerators
  Loading a vaccine refrigerator
  Loading cold boxes and vaccine carriers
  Maintaining the correct temperature of cold chain equipment
  Monitoring the temperature of your vaccine refrigerator
  Adjusting the temperature of your vaccine refrigerator
  Maintaining the correct temperature in cold boxes and vaccine carriers
  Maintaining vaccine refrigerators
  Maintaining cold boxes and vaccine carriers
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 8
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  Importance of immunization safety
  Vaccine quality
  Safety of the cold chain
  Multi-dose open vial policy
  Injection safety
  Contraindication to immunization
  Adverse events following immunization (AEFIs)
  Mild reactions to vaccines
  Serious vaccine reactions
  Other causes of AEFIs
  How to avoid AEFIs
  Detecting and responding to AEFIs
  Safe waste disposal
  Safety boxes
  Incineration and other methods of burning waste
  Burying without burning
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 9
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  Planning your immunization programme
  Collecting basic information about the community
  Steps in the planning process
  Immunization needs assessment
  Identify and prioritise problems
  Setting goals and objectives
  Developing strategies and activities in your action plan
  Estimating resource needs
  Implementing your action plan and maintaining community support
  Monitoring and evaluation indicators
  Immunization delivery at various sites
  Setting up an immunization session at a fixed site
  Recording immunizations
  Immunization delivery at an outreach site
  Mobile delivery
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 10
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  Why is communication crucial for an effective immunization programme?
  Planning a communication activity
  Conduct a communication needs assessment
  Define communication objectives, strategies and activities
  Behaviour change communication (BCC)
  Common methods of BCC in immunization
  Advocacy
  Community mobilisation
  Community conversation
  Interpersonal communication
  Meeting with target audiences to promote EPI activities
  Meeting with community leaders
  Meeting with parents
  Meeting with NGOs and other partners
  Meetings with special groups
  Negative rumours about immunization
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 11
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  EPI recording tools
  Infant immunization card
  The EPI Registration Book
  Immunization tally sheets
  Monitoring EPI indicators
  How to measure immunization coverage rates
  How to measure dropout rates
  Calculating the number of un-immunized infants
  Analysing and interpreting immunization data
  What data should you analyse?
  Analysis of access and utilisation problems
  What could be causing immunization problems?
  Systems for tracing defaulters
  Using the EPI Registration Book
  Using reminder cards
  Making immunization Summary Reports
  What data should the Summary Report contain?
  Preparing good Summary Reports
  In conclusion
  Summary
  Quiz