Title: Default for CD4
Course: Communicable Diseases Part 4 - Ethiopia (Full)

Q: Which type of infectious agent is the cause of each of the following faeco-oral diseases?
- Poliomyelitis | poliovirus
- Shigellosis | bacteria
- Giardiasis | protozoa parasites
- Ascariasis | helminths (worms)
- Cholera | bacteria
- Taeniasis | helminths (worms)
- Amoebiasis | protozoa parasites

Q: Typhoid fever is transmitted mainly indirectly by contaminated food or water.
- True (Correct! It is true. Typhoid fever is transmitted mainly indirectly, via contaminated food or water.)
- False
A: True

Q: The characteristic manifestations of cholera include bloody diarrhoea.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. The characteristic manifestations of cholera are voluminous rice-water diarrhoea and vomiting – but not bloody diarrhoea.)
A: False

Q: Shigellosis is transmitted mainly by direct person-to-person contact.
- True (Correct! It is true. Shigellosis is transmitted mainly by direct person-to-person contact.)
- False
A: True

Q: Diarrhoeal diseases can lead to severe dehydration and shock.
- True (Correct! It is true. Diarrhoeal diseases can lead to severe dehydration and shock.)
- False
A: True

Q: Viruses are the commonest cause of diarrhoea in children.
- True (Correct! It is true. Viruses are the commonest cause of diarrhoea in children.)
- False
A: True

Q: Typhoid fever is a common cause of diarrhoea in adults.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Typhoid fever usually presents with constipation rather than diarrhoea in adults. The main symptom is continuous high fever.)
A: False

Q: A 40-day-old infant who has fast breathing can be treated at home.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. A 40-day-old child with fast breathing should be immediately referred to a hospital or health centre for treatment. He may develop serious complications like pneumonia.)
A: False

Q: Acute otitis media and pneumonia can be caused by the same bacteria.
- True (Correct! It is true. Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria can cause acute otitis media and pneumonia.)
- False
A: True

Q: Rheumatic heart disease is the result of the heart becoming infected with bacteria.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Rheumatic heart disease is due to damage of the heart tissue by antibodies produced to attack Group A Streptococci. It is not caused by bacterial infection of the heart.)
A: False

Q: Bacterial pneumonia in children is usually more severe than viral pneumonia.
- True (Correct! It is true. Bacterial pneumonia in children is usually more severe than viral pneumonia. The clinical manifestations of bacterial pneumonia include fever, cough, fast breathing, chest in-drawing and stridor. The clinical manifestations of viral pneumonia develop gradually and include fever, cough and wheezing.)
- False
A: True

Q: Pharyngitis can be prevented by immunization.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. There is not currently a vaccine available in Ethiopia to immunize against the Group A Streptococci that cause pharyngitis.)
A: False

Q: Which one of the following is the preferred drug for treating acute otitis media or non-severe pneumonia in children at Health Post level?
- Arthemeter-lumefantrine
- Paracetamol
- Co-trimoxazole (Correct! Co-trimoxazole is the preferred drug for treating acute otitis media or non-severe pneumonia at Health Post level. If co-trimoxazole is not available, then amoxicillin should be given.)
- Quinine
- Amoxicillin
A: Co-trimoxazole

Q: It is possible to distinguish between relapsing fever and typhus at Health Post level by identifying differences in their symptoms.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false.Relapsing fever and typhus have similar clinical manifestations such as fever, headache, joint and muscle pains. It is very difficult to distinguish between them by clinical manifestations alone, without laboratory investigations.)
A: False

Q: Treatment with the correct antibiotics is sufficient to control epidemics caused by relapsing fever or typhus.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Treatment with drugs is not sufficient to control an epidemic of relapsing fever or typhus. Health education about personal hygiene, and delousing clothes and bedding with chemicals such as permethrin, are other necessary control)
A: False

Q: The correct antibiotics can effectively treat relapsing fever and typhus if the patient is referred immediately.
- True (Correct! It is true. The correct antibiotics can effectively treat relapsing fever and typhus if the patient is referred immediately.)
- False
A: True

Q: Health workers should protect themselves from developing relapsing fever or typhus by avoiding close contact with patients with these diseases.
- True (Correct! It is true.Health workers are at risk from close contact with patients with RF or typhoid because they can get the infection from the body lice of the patient; therefore, close contact should be avoided.)
- False
A: True

Q: Match the common name of the vector to the disease that it transmits.
- Schistosomiasis | Freshwater snails
- Leishmaniasis | Sandflies
- Onchocerciasis | Blackflies
- Lymphatic filariasis | Mosquitoes

Q: Most people who show symptoms of rabies will be cured if they are referred for medical treatment.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. It is almost inevitable that a person will die if they develop symptoms of rabies, no matter what medical treatment they receive.)
A: False

Q: Taeniasis causes discomfort in people who have a tapeworm in their intestines, but the disease is almost never fatal.
- True (Correct! It is true. Taeniasis causes discomfort in people who have a tapeworm in their intestines, but the disease is almost never fatal.)
- False
A: True

Q: Eating well-cooked beef may not protect people from taeniasis.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Thorough cooking kills the tapeworm larvae embedded in the meat and prevents their transmission to humans who eat the meat.)
A: False

Q: Abdominal pain and the appearance of flat white worms in faeces are signs of taeniasis.
- True (Correct! It is true. The common symptoms of taeniasis are abdominal pain and the appearance of flat white worms in the stools.)
- False
A: True

Q: Open defaecation in grazing lands is a risk factor for taeniasis.
- True (Correct! It is true. Open defaecation in grazing lands is a risk factor for taeniasis, because the eggs deposited in human faeces are eaten by cows; the lifecycle of the tapeworm is completed when the larvae become cysticerci in the cows’ muscles and people eat infected raw or undercooked beef.)
- False
A: True

Q: Zinash is a 16-year-old girl who has had eye problems for the last four years. There are white bands inside her swollen red eyelids. You should immediately refer her to hospital.
- True (Correct! It is true. Zinash has scarring of the conjunctiva (white bands inside the eyelids), i.e. trachoma grade TS. Therefore, she should be referred to hospital for surgical treatment.)
- False
A: True

Q: A newborn with red and swelling conjunctiva should be treated by putting tetracycline ointment into the eyes.
- True (Correct! It is true. A newborn with red and swollen conjunctiva could have got the infection from its mother during birth and should be treated with tetracycline eye ointment (1%).)
- False
A: True

Q: Corneal opacity is reversible through treatment with tetracycline ointment.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Corneal opacity is a permanent type of damage and cannot be improved by treating with tetracycline ointment.)
A: False

Q: Scabies can be treated successfully with tetracycline ointment.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Scabies is caused by a parasite and can’t be treated by tetracycline ointment, which is used to treat grade TF and TI trachoma. A child with scabies should be treated using BBL lotion.)
A: False

Q: The SAFE strategy for preventing trachoma stands for surgical treatment, antibiotics, face washing and environmental sanitation.
- True (Correct! It is true. The SAFE strategy for preventing trachoma stands for surgical treatment, antibiotics, face washing and environmental sanitation.)
- False
A: True

Q: Disability resulting from podoconiosis and lymphatic filariasis can be reduced by foot and leg hygiene, exercising the affected part and raising the legs when sitting or sleeping.
- True (Correct! It is true. Disability resulting from podoconiosis and lymphatic filariasis can be reduced by foot and leg hygiene, exercising the affected part, and raising the legs when sitting or sleeping.)
- False
A: True

Q: Trachoma, scabies and podoconiosis are all communicable diseases found in conditions of poverty, overcrowding and poor access to clean water and sanitation.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Podoconiosis is not a communicable disease – it is caused by contact with red clay soils, not an infectious agent. However, trachoma and scabies are communicable diseases found in conditions of poverty, overcrowding and poor access to clean water and sanitation.)
A: False

Q: During surveillance in your community, you should always collect as much information as possible, even if you do not use it.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. You should only collect data which is useful for the control of communicable diseases.)
A: False

Q: One of the major purposes of public health surveillance is to detect an epidemic before it can spread very far.
- True (Correct! It is true. Detection of an epidemic is one of the major purposes of surveillance. Surveillance can also be used to assess the magnitude of health problems, to allocate resources based on disease burdens and to evaluate progress of activities by the health facilities.)
- False
A: True

Q: A good surveillance system uses passive and active surveillance methods to collect and report the most complete data.
- True (Correct! It is true. A combination of active and passive surveillance is one of the indicators of a high quality surveillance system.)
- False
A: True

Q: Regular recoding and reporting of public health data is not essential in a high quality surveillance system.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Regular recording and reporting is one of the essential elements of a surveillance system. Without proper recording and reporting, action against communicable diseases cannot be taken.)
A: False

Q: Active surveillance covers many more diseases compared to passive surveillance.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Active surveillance covers specific diseases (not all diseases), unlike a passive surveillance system.)
A: False

Q: Which one of the following health problems is not an immediately reportable disease?
- Polio
- Avian influenza
- Rabies
- Malnutrition (Correct! Malnutrition is a weekly reportable health problem, not an immediately reportable priority disease. Polio, avian influenza, rabies and neonatal tetanus are all immediately reportable priority diseases.)
- Neonatal tetanus
A: Malnutrition

Q: IDSR is a type of active surveillance where data on priority diseases is actively collected in the community.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. IDSR is a type of passive surveillance where data for all important diseases are gathered routinely by health institutions.)
A: False

Q: IDSR is cost-effective and helpful for integrating data on all reportable diseases at central level.
- True (Correct! It is true. IDSR is cost-effective, since the same human resources and formats are used to report all diseases in the community. It also creates an opportunity to integrate data on all important diseases at central level.)
- False
A: True

Q: To identify priority diseases in the community, community health workers and member of the community should use standard case definitions.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. To identify cases in the community, community workers and Health Extension Practitioners should use simplified community case definitions. Standard case definitions are for use in Health Centres and Hospitals.)
A: False

Q: Diseases targeted for eradication should be reported weekly to the higher level.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Diseases targeted for eradication, such as neonatal tetanus, should be reported immediately.)
A: False

Q: One case of a disease cannot be an indication of an epidemic.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. A single case of a disease can indicate an epidemic. For example, a single case of cholera or of acute flaccid paralysis may signal an epidemic of cholera or polio.)
A: False