Title: Communicable Diseases Part 3 - Ethiopia (Full)

CD HEAT Module Part 3, full content, designed for use in Ethiopia

Section 1
  About/License
  Pre-test
Section 2
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  The HIV epidemic in Ethiopia
  HIV and the immune response to infection
  What is HIV?
  The human immune system
  Lymphocytes and the immune response to infection
  Lymph nodes
  How does HIV disable the immune system?
  HIV infects the CD4 lymphocytes
  How does HIV damage our immune system?
  The progression from HIV infection to AIDS
  The natural course of HIV infection
  Clinical staging of HIV disease and AIDS
  Modes of transmission of HIV
  Transmission through sexual relations
  Transmission through blood contact
  Transmission from mother to child
  Myths about HIV transmission
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 3
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  What are opportunistic infections?
  Why are opportunistic infections common in PLHIV?
  WHO HIV clinical stages in adults and adolescents
  Common opportunistic clinical manifestations in people with HIV
  Persistent generalised lymphadenopathy (PGL)
  Skin problems
  Mouth, throat and oesophagus problems
  Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB)
  HIV wasting syndrome
  Opportunistic infections and provider-initiated counselling and testing
  Prevention of opportunistic infections
  Criteria for starting cotrimoxazole prophylaxis by adult PLHIV
  Duration of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for adult PLHIV
  Side-effects of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis
  Monitoring cotrimoxazole prophylaxis
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 4
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  The difference between treatment and cure in HIV/AIDS
  The benefits of ART
  Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) and antiretroviral therapy (ART)
  Groups of ARV drugs
  Why is the combination of three antiretroviral drugs necessary?
  How are antiretroviral drugs combined?
  ARV side-effects and how to manage them
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 5
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  What is adherence?
  What is non-adherence?
  The goal of adherence to ART
  Why is drug resistance important for ART?
  Why do people fail to take ARV drugs correctly?
  What personal, family or community factors influence adherence?
  How can healthcare providers affect patient adherence?
  What other factors negatively affect adherence to ART?
  Encouraging good adherence in patients on ART
  What should you do before a patient starts ART?
  What should you do after a patient starts ART?
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 6
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  The benefits of HIV testing
  The barriers to HIV testing
  Modes of delivering HIV counselling and testing
  The five steps in PITC
  Step 1:How to recommend HIV testing
  Pre-test information and education on HIV/AIDS
  How to assure confidentiality
  How to obtain informed consent
  Step 3:Obtaining a specimen for HIV testing
  Step 4:How to perform a rapid HIV test
  Performing an HIV test using the KHB rapid test kit
  Performing an HIV test using the STAT-PAK rapid test kit
  Performing an HIV test using the Uni-gold rapid test kit
  Step 5:Delivering an HIV test result, post-test counselling, and referral for treatment
  Delivering the result and post-test counselling when the result is HIV-positive
  Delivering the result and post-test counselling for HIV-negative people
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 7
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  General principles for preventing HIV infection
  Strategies for preventing sexual transmission of HIV
  Strategies to prevent HIV transmission from contaminated blood
  Community mobilisation for HIV prevention
  What is community mobilisation?
  Basic steps for community mobilisation
  National community mobilisation strategies for HIV
  Respecting cultural values in community mobilisation
  Principles of community mobilisation to address HIV/AIDS
  Community mobilisation activities for preventing HIV/AIDS
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 8
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  Universal precautions
  Why are universal precautions needed?
  Specific universal precautions
  The safe injection of patients
  Preparing to give an injection
  Avoiding needle-stick injuries
  Recapping used needles
  Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
  Risks of HIV infection after accidental occupational exposures
  Immediate actions after occupational exposure to HIV
  Referral after rape for post-exposure HIV prophylaxis
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 9
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  Transmission of HIV from mother to child
  HIV testing and counselling for PMTCT
  Approaches to HIV testing in antenatal care settings
  Opt-in approach to HIV testing
  Opt-out approach to HIV testing
  Preferred ANC testing approach in Ethiopia
  Steps in the HIV testing process
  General considerations
  Single-dose Nevirapine, and other ARV options for PMTCT
  Breastfeeding options for PMTCT
  Four interventions for PMTCT in the community
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 10
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  Critical issues in HIV infection and progression to AIDS in children
  Minimising risk of infection in children
  Early diagnosis of HIV
  Differences in the management of children and adults with HIV
  Providing care for HIV-exposed infants and HIV-infected children
  Nutritional and psychosocial support for children with HIV
  Nutritional needs of HIV-infected children
  Providing psychosocial support to children infected with HIV
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 11
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  What is positive living?
  PLHIV and prevention of HIV transmission
  Re-infection with HIV
  Strategies to minimise HIV transmission
  PLHIV should be informed about their health
  PLHIV should take medication as prescribed
  PLHIV should work as their energy allows, and avoid stress
  PLHIV should maintain good nutrition
  PLHIV should avoid getting infections
  PLHIV should get regular exercise and rest
  PLHIV should seek regular medical care
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 12
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  Palliative care and its significance in chronic illness
  Symptom management, including pain management
  Management of pain in PLHIV
  How to manage other common symptoms of HIV/AIDS
  Psychosocial and spiritual support
  Support for the patient
  Support for the caregivers
  Home-based care
  Support for oral hygiene
  Preventing bedsores in bedridden patients
  Moving a bedridden patient
  Hygienic care of the body
  Preventing stiff joints and muscles
  End-of-life care
  Preparing for death
  A checklist for end-of-life care
  Recognising signs of death
  Bereavement counselling
  Summary
  Quiz
Section 13
  Introduction
  Learning Outcomes
  Introduction to sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
  Transmission of STIs
  Risk factors for STIs
  Epidemiology of STIs in Ethiopia
  Presentation of common STIs
  STIs caused by bacteria
  STIs caused by viruses
  STI caused by a protozoan
  STI caused by a fungus
  Syndromic management of STIs
  Classification of patients into syndromes
  Treatment and management of STI syndromes
  Common complications of STIs
  STIs and HIV
  The link between STIs and HIV/AIDS
  Which STIs facilitate the transmission of HIV?
  HIV increases the risk of infection with other STIs
  Key issues regarding STIs and HIV infection
  Summary
  Quiz