Title: Default for CD1
Course: Communicable Diseases Part 1 - Ethiopia (Full)

Q: Giardiasis is an endemic communicable disease in Ethiopia. Its infectious agent (Giardia intestinalis) is a single-celled organism bigger than bacteria, but not visible with the naked eye. To which class of infectious agents listed below is it likely to belong?
- Helminths
- Viruses
- Protozoa (Protozoa is the correct answer. This group of infectious agents are single-celled organisms, which are bigger than bacteria but not visible with the naked eye.)
A: Protozoa

Q: Hookworm infection is caused by parasites which are common in Ethiopia. The parasites live in the human intestine and lay eggs which are expelled from the body with the faeces into the soil. The eggs grow into worms in the soil, which penetrate the skin of people walking barefooted. Identify each of the following in this example:
- The infectious agent | hookworms
- The reservoir | humans
- The mode of transmission | contaminated soil
- The route of exit | anus
- route of entry | skin

Q: Isolation of the susceptible host is advised for the duration of the incubation period of a severe and easily transmitted disease.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. It is true that isolation is applied for severe and easily transmitted diseases, but it is applied to the infected hosts (not the susceptible hosts) until the risk of transmission is reduced or stops.)
A: False

Q: Sterilisation refers to the destruction of all forms of micro-organisms by physical or chemical agents such as alcohol and chlorine.
- True (Correct! It is true. Sterilisation kills all forms of micro-organisms, unlike disinfection which kills most but not all forms.)
- False
A: True

Q: Vaccination and vector control target the infected host so as to prevent transmission of infection.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Vaccination mostly targets the susceptible host and vector control targets the mode of transmission.)
A: False

Q: Pneumonia and clouding of the cornea are two of the common complications of severe measles.
- True (Correct! It is true. Pneumonia and clouding of the cornea are two of the common complications of severe measles.)
- False
A: True

Q: Measles is very rarely fatal.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Measles can be fatal, particularly in malnourished children. Around 165,000 children died of measles worldwide in 2008.)
A: False

Q: The transmission of poliovirus cannot be prevented at the present time.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. The transmission of poliovirus is easily prevented by routine vaccination of all children. The aim is to eradicate polio totally from the world by this measure.)
A: False

Q: Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a rare complication of polio; most children infected with poliovirus show no symptoms.
- True (Correct! It is true. Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a rare complication of polio; most children infected with poliovirus show no symptoms.)
- False
A: True

Q: Almost all adults infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) become virus carriers for the rest of their lives.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. 90% of adults infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) will get rid of the virus from their bodies within six months.)
A: False

Q: Jaundice is a common complication of hepatitis B disease.
- True (Correct! it is true. Jaundice is a common complication of hepatitis B disease.)
- False
A: True

Q: The malaria vector mosquito lays its eggs on grass.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. The malaria vector mosquito lays its eggs on water surfaces (not grass).)
A: False

Q: The malaria vector mosquito life cycle has four stages.
- True (Correct! It is true. The malaria vector life cycle has four stages: eggs, larvae, pupae and adults.)
- False
A: True

Q: The malaria vector mosquito needs to feed on blood to develop its eggs.
- True (Correct! It is true. The mosquito needs to feed on human or animal blood to develop its eggs.)
- False
A: True

Q: The adult female mosquito lays eggs only once in its life time.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. The adult female mosquito lays eggs several times in its life cycle.)
A: False

Q: The stage that hatches from the eggs is the pupae.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. The stage that hatches from the eggs is the larvae.)
A: False

Q: Supportive treatment is given to kill the malaria parasites in the blood circulation of the patient.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Supportive treatment is what is given to treat other conditions at the same time as the malaria treatment. It is not the supportive treatment that kills the parasites; rather it is the anti-malaria drugs that you give to the patient that kills the parasites in the blood circulation.)
A: False

Q: Malaria patients with high grade fever should be given supportive treatment.
- True (Correct! It is true. Malaria patients with high grade fever should be given supportive treatment such as paracetamol tablets, or cooling the body of the patient with clean pieces of cloth dipped in slightly warm water, or by fanning.)
- False
A: True

Q: Patients with moderate dehydration have to be immediately referred to a health centre without giving any supportive treatment.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Malaria patients with moderate dehydration should be given oral rehydration salts (ORS) as supportive treatment. The patient should also be advised to drink increased amounts of clean water or other fluids.)
A: False

Q: No supportive treatment is required for women with malaria, with normal temperature, who can breastfeed very well and with no anaemia.
- True (Correct! It is true. If the temperature is normal, there is no sign of dehydration and no anaemia, you do not need to give supportive treatment to a malaria patient even if she is breastfeeding. Just treat the malaria.)
- False
A: True

Q: If the malaria patient has moderate anaemia, then treat with ferrous sulphate (iron tablets).
- True (Correct! It is true. Malaria patients with mild or moderate anaemia should be treated with ferrous sulphate (iron tablets) 200 mg once daily for two months, and advised to return for recheck in two months.)
- False
A: True

Q: Larviciding means applying chemicals to kill adult vector mosquitoes.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Larviciding is a method of killing mosquito larvae using chemicals or toxins; not the adults.)
A: False

Q: Temephos is a chemical used as a larvicide to kill larvae of vector mosquitoes.
- True (Correct! It is true. Temephos is a chemical widely used as larvicide in Ethiopia.)
- False
A: True

Q: Temephos is sprayed onto water collections using spray pumps.
- True (Correct! It is true. Temephos is sprayed to vector breeding water collections using spray pumps.)
- False
A: True

Q: Temephos can only be sprayed by trained experts/professionals.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Temephos can be sprayed by HEWs or community health workers.)
A: False

Q: Larvicides are applied to all vector breeding sites, including those that can be removed by environmental management activities.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Larviciding is done in vector breeding sites that cannot be treated through environmental management measures.)
A: False

Q: Blood-fed mosquitoes rest on either the inside of houses or in vegetation outdoors.
- True (Correct! It is true. Blood-fed mosquitoes can rest either indoors or outdoors.)
- False
A: True

Q: Mosquitoes that rest outside houses after feeding are easier to control with IRS.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Mosquitoes that rest outside houses are harder to control using IRS.)
A: False

Q: After taking a blood meal, mosquitoes have to rest about 10 days before laying their eggs and seeking their next blood meal.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. After taking a blood meal mosquitoes rest for about two days (not 10 days) before laying eggs.)
A: False

Q: Blood-fed mosquitoes can often rest on the outside walls of houses.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. Blood-fed mosquitoes do not usually rest on the outside walls of houses. They prefer shaded and undisturbed sites.)
A: False

Q: IRS kills mosquitoes entering houses and resting on sprayed walls and furniture.
- True (Correct! It is true. IRS only kills mosquitoes entering and/or resting in sprayed houses.)
- False
A: True

Q: ITNs protect people from malaria by killing the malaria parasites.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. ITNs protect people by killing or repelling the mosquitoes (not the parasites).)
A: False

Q: ITNs do not kill mosquitoes that come in contact with the nets.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. ITNs do kill mosquitoes that come in contact with the nets.)
A: False

Q: ITNs can repel mosquitoes from coming closer to people sleeping under nets.
- True (Correct! It is true. ITNs can repel mosquitoes from coming closer to people sleeping under nets.)
- False
A: True

Q: ITNs have chemicals in (or coated onto) their fibres, which can kill mosquitoes.
- True (Correct! It is true. ITNs are impregnated with chemicals that kill mosquitoes.)
- False
A: True

Q: The chemical on ITNs kills only mosquitoes.
- True
- False (Correct! it is false. ITNs also kill other household pests like bedbugs that come in contact with the nets.)
A: False

Q: The chemicals coated on ITNs are harmful to humans.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. The chemicals used to treat nets are harmless to humans and animals.)
A: False

Q: Malaria epidemics are defined as the occurrence of cases in excess of the number expected in a given place and time period.
- True (Correct! It is true. Like any other epidemics, a malaria epidemic is defined as the occurrence of cases in excess of the number expected in a given place and time period.)
- False
A: True

Q: Malaria epidemics can sometimes occur during the dry season.
- True (Correct! It is true. Malaria epidemics can occur during the dry season because the rivers that might get interrupted or shrink can create breeding sites for the Anopheles mosquitoes, and lead to epidemics.)
- False
A: True

Q: The contingency stock of Chloroquine tablets is 25% of the stock that is required to treat all P.vivax cases in a non-epidemic year.
- True (Correct! It is true. As a rule 25% of contingency stock should be kept for the drugs and supplies that are required for the management of epidemics.)
- False
A: True

Q: The reason why you use an epidemic monitoring chart or doubling of weekly cases at Health Post level is to detect epidemics early and report to district level without taking any control measures.
- True
- False (Correct! It is false. The purpose of early detection of malaria epidemics is so action can be taken to contain them before they get out of control and affect a large number of people. You are the first to take action against any malaria epidemics that are detected. Of course you also report to the district level.)
A: False